AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 006077

Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

Identifieur interne : 006077 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006076; suivant : 006078

Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

Auteurs : Sébastien Duplessis [France] ; Christina A. Cuomo [États-Unis] ; Yao-Cheng Lin [Belgique] ; Andrea Aerts [États-Unis] ; Emilie Tisserant [France] ; Claire Veneault-Fourrey [France] ; David L. Joly [Canada] ; Stéphane Hacquard [France] ; Joëlle Amselem [France] ; Brandi L. Cantarel [France] ; Readman Chiu [Canada] ; Pedro M. Coutinho [France] ; Nicolas Feau [Canada] ; Matthew Field [Canada] ; Pascal Frey [France] ; Eric Gelhaye [France] ; Jonathan Goldberg [États-Unis] ; Manfred G. Grabherr [États-Unis] ; Chinnappa D. Kodira [États-Unis] ; Annegret Kohler [France] ; Ursula Kües [Allemagne] ; Erika A. Lindquist [États-Unis] ; Susan M. Lucas [États-Unis] ; Rohit Mago [Australie] ; Evan Mauceli [États-Unis] ; Emmanuelle Morin [France] ; Claude Murat [France] ; Jasmyn L. Pangilinan [États-Unis] ; Robert Park [Australie] ; Matthew Pearson [États-Unis] ; Hadi Quesneville [France] ; Nicolas Rouhier [France] ; Sharadha Sakthikumar [États-Unis] ; Asaf A. Salamov [États-Unis] ; Jeremy Schmutz [États-Unis] ; Benjamin Selles [France] ; Harris Shapiro [États-Unis] ; Philippe Tanguay [Canada] ; Gerald A. Tuskan [États-Unis] ; Bernard Henrissat [France] ; Yves Van De Peer [Belgique] ; Pierre Rouzé [Belgique] ; Jeffrey G. Ellis [Australie] ; Peter N. Dodds [Australie] ; Jacqueline E. Schein [Canada] ; Shaobin Zhong [États-Unis] ; Richard C. Hamelin [Canada] ; Igor V. Grigoriev [États-Unis] ; Les J. Szabo [États-Unis] ; Francis Martin [France]

Source :

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2011.

RBID : PMC:3107277

Abstract

Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of Melampsora larici-populina, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of M. larici-populina with the 17,773 predicted proteins of P. graminis f. sp tritici. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters in planta suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107277

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019315108
PubMed: 21536894
PubMed Central: 3107277

Affiliations:

Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Canada, France, États-Unis
Californie, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Tennessee

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>
, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Oak Ridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
 G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21536894</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3107277</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107277</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3107277</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1019315108</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001B50</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001B50</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001A08</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001A08</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002219</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002219</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000A51</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000A51</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000A51</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0027-8424:2011:Duplessis S:obligate:biotrophy:features</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006418</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">006077</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">006077</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi</title>
<author><name sortKey="Duplessis, Sebastien" sort="Duplessis, Sebastien" uniqKey="Duplessis S" first="Sébastien" last="Duplessis">Sébastien Duplessis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, Yao Cheng" sort="Lin, Yao Cheng" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yao-Cheng" last="Lin">Yao-Cheng Lin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aerts, Andrea" sort="Aerts, Andrea" uniqKey="Aerts A" first="Andrea" last="Aerts">Andrea Aerts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tisserant, Emilie" sort="Tisserant, Emilie" uniqKey="Tisserant E" first="Emilie" last="Tisserant">Emilie Tisserant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" sort="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" uniqKey="Veneault Fourrey C" first="Claire" last="Veneault-Fourrey">Claire Veneault-Fourrey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joly, David L" sort="Joly, David L" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David L." last="Joly">David L. Joly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
 G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hacquard, Stephane" sort="Hacquard, Stephane" uniqKey="Hacquard S" first="Stéphane" last="Hacquard">Stéphane Hacquard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amselem, Joelle" sort="Amselem, Joelle" uniqKey="Amselem J" first="Joëlle" last="Amselem">Joëlle Amselem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>
, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cantarel, Brandi L" sort="Cantarel, Brandi L" uniqKey="Cantarel B" first="Brandi L." last="Cantarel">Brandi L. Cantarel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiu, Readman" sort="Chiu, Readman" uniqKey="Chiu R" first="Readman" last="Chiu">Readman Chiu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feau, Nicolas" sort="Feau, Nicolas" uniqKey="Feau N" first="Nicolas" last="Feau">Nicolas Feau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
 G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Field, Matthew" sort="Field, Matthew" uniqKey="Field M" first="Matthew" last="Field">Matthew Field</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frey, Pascal" sort="Frey, Pascal" uniqKey="Frey P" first="Pascal" last="Frey">Pascal Frey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelhaye, Eric" sort="Gelhaye, Eric" uniqKey="Gelhaye E" first="Eric" last="Gelhaye">Eric Gelhaye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred G" sort="Grabherr, Manfred G" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred G." last="Grabherr">Manfred G. Grabherr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kohler, Annegret" sort="Kohler, Annegret" uniqKey="Kohler A" first="Annegret" last="Kohler">Annegret Kohler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kues, Ursula" sort="Kues, Ursula" uniqKey="Kues U" first="Ursula" last="Kües">Ursula Kües</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>
, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lindquist, Erika A" sort="Lindquist, Erika A" uniqKey="Lindquist E" first="Erika A." last="Lindquist">Erika A. Lindquist</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lucas, Susan M" sort="Lucas, Susan M" uniqKey="Lucas S" first="Susan M." last="Lucas">Susan M. Lucas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" sort="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" uniqKey="Pangilinan J" first="Jasmyn L." last="Pangilinan">Jasmyn L. Pangilinan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>
, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quesneville, Hadi" sort="Quesneville, Hadi" uniqKey="Quesneville H" first="Hadi" last="Quesneville">Hadi Quesneville</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>
, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouhier, Nicolas" sort="Rouhier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rouhier N" first="Nicolas" last="Rouhier">Nicolas Rouhier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salamov, Asaf A" sort="Salamov, Asaf A" uniqKey="Salamov A" first="Asaf A." last="Salamov">Asaf A. Salamov</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selles, Benjamin" sort="Selles, Benjamin" uniqKey="Selles B" first="Benjamin" last="Selles">Benjamin Selles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanguay, Philippe" sort="Tanguay, Philippe" uniqKey="Tanguay P" first="Philippe" last="Tanguay">Philippe Tanguay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
 G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>
, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Oak Ridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
 G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of <italic>Melampsora larici</italic>
-<italic>populina</italic>
, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic>
 f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic>
, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of <italic>M. larici-populina</italic>
 with the 17,773 predicted proteins of <italic>P. graminis</italic>
 f. sp <italic>tritici</italic>
. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters <italic>in planta</italic>
 suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Californie</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
<li>Minnesota</li>
<li>Tennessee</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Duplessis, Sebastien" sort="Duplessis, Sebastien" uniqKey="Duplessis S" first="Sébastien" last="Duplessis">Sébastien Duplessis</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Amselem, Joelle" sort="Amselem, Joelle" uniqKey="Amselem J" first="Joëlle" last="Amselem">Joëlle Amselem</name>
<name sortKey="Cantarel, Brandi L" sort="Cantarel, Brandi L" uniqKey="Cantarel B" first="Brandi L." last="Cantarel">Brandi L. Cantarel</name>
<name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name>
<name sortKey="Frey, Pascal" sort="Frey, Pascal" uniqKey="Frey P" first="Pascal" last="Frey">Pascal Frey</name>
<name sortKey="Gelhaye, Eric" sort="Gelhaye, Eric" uniqKey="Gelhaye E" first="Eric" last="Gelhaye">Eric Gelhaye</name>
<name sortKey="Hacquard, Stephane" sort="Hacquard, Stephane" uniqKey="Hacquard S" first="Stéphane" last="Hacquard">Stéphane Hacquard</name>
<name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name>
<name sortKey="Kohler, Annegret" sort="Kohler, Annegret" uniqKey="Kohler A" first="Annegret" last="Kohler">Annegret Kohler</name>
<name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name>
<name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name>
<name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name>
<name sortKey="Quesneville, Hadi" sort="Quesneville, Hadi" uniqKey="Quesneville H" first="Hadi" last="Quesneville">Hadi Quesneville</name>
<name sortKey="Rouhier, Nicolas" sort="Rouhier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rouhier N" first="Nicolas" last="Rouhier">Nicolas Rouhier</name>
<name sortKey="Selles, Benjamin" sort="Selles, Benjamin" uniqKey="Selles B" first="Benjamin" last="Selles">Benjamin Selles</name>
<name sortKey="Tisserant, Emilie" sort="Tisserant, Emilie" uniqKey="Tisserant E" first="Emilie" last="Tisserant">Emilie Tisserant</name>
<name sortKey="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" sort="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" uniqKey="Veneault Fourrey C" first="Claire" last="Veneault-Fourrey">Claire Veneault-Fourrey</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Aerts, Andrea" sort="Aerts, Andrea" uniqKey="Aerts A" first="Andrea" last="Aerts">Andrea Aerts</name>
<name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name>
<name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred G" sort="Grabherr, Manfred G" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred G." last="Grabherr">Manfred G. Grabherr</name>
<name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name>
<name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name>
<name sortKey="Lindquist, Erika A" sort="Lindquist, Erika A" uniqKey="Lindquist E" first="Erika A." last="Lindquist">Erika A. Lindquist</name>
<name sortKey="Lucas, Susan M" sort="Lucas, Susan M" uniqKey="Lucas S" first="Susan M." last="Lucas">Susan M. Lucas</name>
<name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name>
<name sortKey="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" sort="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" uniqKey="Pangilinan J" first="Jasmyn L." last="Pangilinan">Jasmyn L. Pangilinan</name>
<name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name>
<name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name>
<name sortKey="Salamov, Asaf A" sort="Salamov, Asaf A" uniqKey="Salamov A" first="Asaf A." last="Salamov">Asaf A. Salamov</name>
<name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name>
<name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name>
<name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name>
<name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name>
<name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name>
</country>
<country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lin, Yao Cheng" sort="Lin, Yao Cheng" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yao-Cheng" last="Lin">Yao-Cheng Lin</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name>
<name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name>
</country>
<country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Joly, David L" sort="Joly, David L" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David L." last="Joly">David L. Joly</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chiu, Readman" sort="Chiu, Readman" uniqKey="Chiu R" first="Readman" last="Chiu">Readman Chiu</name>
<name sortKey="Feau, Nicolas" sort="Feau, Nicolas" uniqKey="Feau N" first="Nicolas" last="Feau">Nicolas Feau</name>
<name sortKey="Field, Matthew" sort="Field, Matthew" uniqKey="Field M" first="Matthew" last="Field">Matthew Field</name>
<name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name>
<name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name>
<name sortKey="Tanguay, Philippe" sort="Tanguay, Philippe" uniqKey="Tanguay P" first="Philippe" last="Tanguay">Philippe Tanguay</name>
</country>
<country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kues, Ursula" sort="Kues, Ursula" uniqKey="Kues U" first="Ursula" last="Kües">Ursula Kües</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name>
<name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name>
<name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi

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